Optical Fiber Fusion Splicing And Its Applications

What is optical fiber fusion splicing?

Optical fiber fusion splicing is a welded joint formed between two optical fibers. Fusion splicing is a permanent, low-loss, high-strength joint compared with other temporary joint such as a mechanical splice. Optical fiber fusion splices play a crucial role in the optical network.

The Ideal Fusion Splicing Process

The goal of fiber fusion splicing is to create a joint with minimum insertion loss yet with mechanical strength and long-term reliability that matches the fiber itself.

The ideal process of fusion splicing should be fast, inexpensive and should not require expensive equipment. But in reality the fusion splicing process needs trade-offs among different applications and requirements. For example, for undersea telecommunications, long-term reliability is the most important goal for a fusion splicing.

The Advantages of Optical Fiber Fusion Splicing

There are other approaches for interconnecting fibers such as fiber optic connectors and mechanical splicings. Compared to these two, fusion splicing has many advantages as explained below.

• Fusion splicing is very compact
• Fusion splicing has the lowest insertion loss
• Fusion splicing has the lowest back reflection (optical return loss ORL)
• Fusion splicing has the highest mechanical strength
• Fusion splicing is permanent
• Fusion splicing can withstand extreme high temperature changes
• Fusion splicing prevents dust and other contaminants from entering the optical path

Types of Fusion Splicing

Fusion splicing environment and applications can be roughly divided into three types: 1. Field splicing 2. Factory splicing and 3. Laboratory splicing.

An important example of field splicing is the assembly of undersea fiber cables aboard fiber deployment ships. The example of factory splicing could be the assembly of fiber optic passive devices such as a WDM. An example of laboratory splicing is done by researchers fusion splicing the newest developed fibers to test their compatibility with existing industry standard fibers.

Fiber fusion splicing involves concepts from many subjects including optical waveguide theory, heat transfer, material science, mechanical engineering, fluid mechanics and more.

Introduction to the Fusion Splicing Process

The major steps involved in optical fiber fusion splicing can be summarized as the following.

1. Optical fiber stripping

The fiber cable jacket is removed and then the fiber polymer coating is stripped with fiber optic strippers.

2. Fiber cleaving

The fiber is cleaved with specialized tool called fiber cleaver. Two types of fiber cleaver exist: high precision fiber cleaver for single mode applications and field cleaver for multimode applications. A mirror like almost perfect end face is achieved by this cleaving process.

3. Fiber alignment

The fibers are laterally aligned to each other by step motor in a fusion splicer. This may involve rotating the fibers in polarization maintaining fiber splicings.

4. Fiber welding

The fibers are then heated with electric arc or other methods to the fiber glass’s softening point and then both fibers are pressed together to form a solid joint.

5. Insertion loss estimation

The insertion loss is estimated based on the fusion quality and dimensions.

6. Pull tension strength testing

The fusion is pull proof tested when opening the fusion splicer cover.

7. Splice protection with fusion splice sleeve

The fusion splice joint is then protected with a heat shrink tube with a steel strength member inside to form a solid and reliable fiber joint.

High Quality Food Processing Lab Equipment

Food processing industry is one of the major sectors which help in enhancing the revenues of any economy, be it a developed nation or a developing one. Various technological and strategic developments have taken place which assisted in commercialization of agriculture and food production. The produced food needs to be processed, preserved and packed in the best possible way, ensuring that its quality is preserved intact.

The sudden development of food processing industry has paved way for many job opportunities for nearly half of the population in several departments. In developed and urban areas, majority of the people used packed food products. High quality laboratory equipment for food processing help the entrepreneurs in providing quality food products to the consumers.

In most of the countries across the world, agricultural sector is still a major source of economic revenue. There is no point in simply concentrating on technological development alone without giving due importance to other sectors. Agricultural and food industry is an inevitable domain which really is the source of livelihood as well as the source of food for the present and future generations. Hence, the demand and role of high quality food processing lab equipment is significant and very evident.

There should be ample opportunities for research and development in food processing sector as well as in developing world-class laboratory equipment that assist in food processing. Considering the multi-dimensional face of food processing industry, there should be experienced scientists and researchers for developing innovative laboratory equipment for food processing. On the whole, it can be categorized as processing machinery and equipment, packaging machinery and equipment as well as other miscellaneous utility equipment which assist in the final stages of marketing the end product to the consumers.

In India, there are only a few manufactures that are capable of producing state-of-the-art facilities and laboratory equipment which facilitate food processing. The use of world-class equipment also helps in retaining the nutritional content as well as the quality in a much safer way.

The food processed using laboratory equipment is safe and hygienic which helps in preventing food-borne diseases. Most of the packed and canned food products that we use on a daily basis go under different laboratory equipment for food processing like moisture meter, dehumidifier, peelers, shredders, shakers etc. The use of such equipment ensures that the packed food has the right amount of essential nutrients and other regulators and enzymes which are essential to preserve them for having the stipulated shelf life. This creates trust and reliability among the consumers so that the market value and demand for such good products sees a constant increase.

Commonly Used Chemical Lab Equipment and their Uses

Chemistry Lab Gadgets to Serve a Number of Purposes

Chemistry lab products are used for extensive variety of reasons such as for chemical analysis, for evaluating a variety of conditions and the functions of body parts, for having examples, for heating and calculating solutions, for combining different kinds of fluids, to evaluate examples, and more. To carry out all these reasons, different kinds of products needed. Most lab equipment comes prepared with innovative functions and features highly innovative technology, which guarantees performance, efficient service, and precise systematic outcomes.

Commonly Used Instruments in Chemistry Labs

Glassware:

Widely used lab equipment contains glasses. Glassware consists of a variety of equipment which range from beakers, Erlenmeyer Flasks, test pipes, and more. Beakers are multi-purpose lab bins used to hold and warm fluids. Erlenmeyer Flasks are important to warm and store fluids. The advantage of the Erlenmeyer Flask is that the bottom has a extensive place, so that a greater place is revealed to the warm. Other important products that belongs under this classification consist of pipettes, pipette tips, shakers, filtration, stirrers, blenders, rotators and disruptors.

Analyzers:

Laboratory analyzers are essential in chemistry labs. Chemical make up analyzers are used for undertaking a variety of analytic functions, such as schedule analysis of albumin, creatinine, sugar, bilirubin, and more. You can find fully computerized chemistry analyzers, which are used to execute analysis functions quicker and provide outcomes within a minimum period of time.

Measuring Equipment:

Levels out and machines are used to evaluate the weight of a example and identifying its mass. There are several different kinds of balances and machines used in lab. These include:

• Mechanical
• Portable
• Precision
• Analytical

Microscopes:

Microscopes are used substantially in chemistry labs for extensive variety of reasons. These are beneficial for example planning, large example analysis, and more.

Consumables and provides:

Apart from the particular lab equipment, reagents, manages, consumables are important items that a lab needs for schedule programs.

Other Kinds of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus

Apart from the above mentioned requirements, other chemistry lab equipment that are usually used in labs consist of centrifuges, appliances and freezers, water bathrooms, dry bathrooms, hot dishes, and so forth.

To run your practice more effectively, make sure that you provide your lab with such commonly used chemistry lab equipment. Technically innovative devices enter the market every day. So ensure that you buy equipment with technologically innovative functions and also learn all its uses before you start. It is best to depend on any major lab equipment provider to buy lab equipment. There are many suppliers providing a extensive stock of new and recertified models of important medical lab equipment. Apart from revenue, a efficient supplier can provide excellent product sales advice, set up services and post-sales support.

Atico Export – Dental Lab Equipment Supplies

Atico Exportl was founded in 1954

Our mission is to provide you the comfort of purchasing all the Dental Lab Equipments you need at the most attractive conditions, lowest prices and best service.

Atico Export – Lab equipment is a leading distributor of Dental Lab Equipment. We pride ourselves by offering quality Dental Lab Equipment Products to our customers and provide them with personal attention for their unique Dental Lab Equipment requirement.

Our goal is to offer our clients with the finest quality of Oral Lab Devices. We help our clients reduce supply costs, increase income, reduce management expenses and improve stock control by offering an comprehensive, cost-effective priced item with exclusive and impressive services.

Our Sales Associates and Client Assistance employees pleasure themselves on the customized connections they have designed that enable them to better understand the specific needs of each individual customer. It is this exclusive relationship, along with our technical skills that differentiates Atico Export Oral Lab Components from other suppliers.

Our clients continue to educate us that they desire an individualized approach to the support. From lab equipment to software and technical innovation solutions, Atico Export Dental Lab Components offers the largest selection of item at excellent value along with uncompromising service and support. Our most powerful resource is our people, and our strength and durability center around our dedication to understanding the needs of each practice we offer. A leader in the use of technical innovation, we have designed some of the most impressive and successful Internet systems for online lab equipments purchasing and stock control to better offer our clients. Maintaining excellent customer connections is vital to us, a reason why we consistently endeavor to meet your requirements and objectives.

We Offer New Oral Devices to Oral Treatment centers, Oral Lab, Oral Organizations, & Govt departments.

We are offering lab equipment like

• Acrylics & Components (Keystone),
• Alginate Blender (DENTAMERICA),
• Air Filtration System ( Team Air),
• Articulators (Keystone),
• Burning & Torches (Keystone),
• Counter Top Materials (Denture Flask,
• Squeezes, & Clicks, Owner,
• Platter Flasks, Platter Department),
• Dust Lovers (Deldent, Owner, Danville Technology, Buffalo grass, Nevin Labs),
• Power Blade (Keystone/Dental Resources),
• Power Engines (Buffalo,
• Oral, Keystone,
• Hole America,
• Hager Globally,
• Owner, NSK Mio Coreless Micromotor,
• NSK Voila Turquoise II & Voila Turquoise II,
• NSK Volvere Vmax,
• NSK Z-500 Sequence,
• TPC, Vector),
• Ergonomic office Seats (Chair),
• Silver Plater (Yates & Fowl Silver Plater Complete),
• Heat Sealers (Keystone),
• Lathes,
• Chucks & Place Changers (Handler, Keystone, Buffalo),
• Design Cutters (Handler),
• Flip Units (Modular Metal Cabinets),
• Ortho Welders (Yates & Fowl Ortho Welder),
• Plaster Bin (Plaster Triplex Bin,
• Plaster Containers Handler),
• Plaster Snare (Plaster Snare,
• Plaster Snare Handler),
• Stress Dome (Dental Sources – Keystone),
• Managing Helps (Micro Machine Push,
• Hydrocolloid Refresher,
• Benchtop Improving Bonnet,
• Faro Design, Crushing Hoods),
• Obtain Treating Mild (Keystone),
• Reline Lures,
• Stress Container, & Hydro-Air Carver (Keystone),
• Rotors & Mills (Dent-X ),
• Sandblasters (Handler ),
• Soldering Machines (Yates & Fowl Soldering Machine),
• Sprinkle Hoods & Safety Protects (Star X-Ray),
• Task Mild (),
• Thermoplastics & Laminated flooring (Keystone),
• Tin Platers (Yates & Bird),
• Machine Formers (Keystone |Buffalo),
• Vibes (Keystone),
• Wax Containers & Components (Keystone),
• Work stations.

About Us – Atico Export was established in 1954.  Atico We Offer New Oral Devices to Oral Treatment centers, Oral Lab, Oral Organizations, & Govt departments. We offer cost-effective options for renting or financing your dental equipment. We also offer a auto fix shop, able to handle all brands of hand pieces, small equipment fix, large dental equipment fix, dental surgical equipment and more.

Chemistry Lab Equipment are Important for Laboratories

Chemistry lab equipment includes a variety of devices such as centrifuges, substance make up analyzers, glasses, haematology analyzers, distillation equipment, thermometers, sterilizers, blood gas analyzers, pipettes, electrolyte analyzers, microscopes, coagulation analyzers, autoclaves, spectrometers, and more. Most recognized providers of laboratory equipment stock a extensive variety of product new and re-certified designs of substance make up laboratory devices to meet the several investigation program provides of both little and big substance make up laboratories.

The systematic devices

These are essential for analysis facilities mainly depend on the nature of the assessments to be performed. Advanced and high-end designs of analytic machines are important for the efficient surgical of all substance and healthcare laboratories. High quality laboratory equipment help to carry out the analytic demands perfectly and within the quantified time. Besides going in for product new substance make up equipment, analysis laboratories can also choose for re-certified strategies.

Brand new designs

New designs chemical lab equipment, though an costly option, allow researchers to perform assessments and events without any problem. New devices come with the most advanced technology to ensure speed, precision and performance. Further, as these products are offered on the market after strict quality assessments, they would have no technological faults or presentation inconsistencies. Another key advantage of new substance make up lab devices is that they are supported by producer assurance, which manages claims for spare of areas or the device as a whole in the happening of critical breakdown.

Small budget analysis laboratories can save a lot of money by going in for recertified substance make up lab equipment. Most major traders offer recertified designs at cheap costs. Before recertification, used laboratory products are thoroughly measured. Problems are set right and areas changed by factory-trained experts. The reconditioning procedures such as taking apart, replacement of areas and repair are carried out totally according to original producer requirements. This guarantees reliable performance and strength. Once the revamping procedure is complete, the equipment are retested and recertified on the market with guarantee and suitable service agreement.

[message type=”info” close=”no”]Research laboratories planning to invest in costly substance make up lab equipment should take proper want to resource their provides from an recognized laboratory equipment providers. Browsing the stock of a regular online laboratory appliance store would make selection simple. Most stores feature a variety of product new, as well as remodeled healthcare equipment from major manufacturers. So it is simple for researchers to select caffeine substance make up equipment that best suits their program requirements and costs, after a thorough assessment of the features of the gadgets, their technological conditions, manufacturers, assurance choices and costs. Apart from offering quality healthcare lab devices at cheap costs, a reliable dealer safety measures excellent after-sales support and convenient and safe product submission options to analysis laboratories even in foreign places.[/message]
Labtrader is the cost-effective resource of fine laboratory equipment, offering a variety of Chemical laboratory equipment for medical, scientific, and analysis laboratories.

Science Lab Equipment For Kids

Science Lab Equipment For Kids – Children who embrace science at a young age will have much easier time learning science in school. It can seem difficult getting your kids interested in science; however, there are unique ways parents can help their kids become interested in science while having fun. For instance, buying science lab equipment that includes fun and easy projects will make science fun and they will have no idea they are actually learning.

Whether it is astronomy, chemistry, or biology, there is cool science lab equipment that will turn your kids into little scientists.

The following is a list of exciting and fun science lab equipment for kids:

1. Lab Equipment: You can purchase amazing science lab equipment for cool science experiments such as: EMF meters and timers, light meters, sound meters, PH indicators, scales and balances, tachometers, thermometers, tongs and clamps, ring stands and accessories, mortar and pestles, corks and rubber stoppers, dropper bottles, wash bottles, vials, screw caps, pipettes, Petri dishes, agar, scales, balances, pH paper and indicators, glass tubing, burettes, retort stands, eye droppers, and other essential laboratory tools.
2. Chemistry Kits: There are really neat science kits available for kids of all ages. These kits can include: slime science blobs, microscope slides with neat things to view, microscopes, and much more. There are kits for pond and soil testing, alternative energy, rocks and minerals, crystal growing, nature exploration, the human body, physics exploration, insect collecting, bacteria experiments, plant growth, and even perfume making.
3. Microscopes: There are a number of different kid designed microscopes. Kids will be able to view wonders not visible to the naked eye. A microscope can come with accessories that include a variety of specimen slides and blank slides so that the kids can go out and find their own cool things to view.
4. Laboratory Wear: Your children will feel like young scientists when they wear child-size safety goggles, rubber safety gloves, and laboratory aprons. Laboratory wear is designed to protect the kids from spills and splashes.
5. Beakers and Flasks: Kids laboratory beakers and flasks are durable enough to withstand being held over an open flame. They are normally made from high-strength materials such as Pyrex. They are resistant to corrosive liquids and high temperatures.
6. Alternative Energy Kits: There are alternative energy kits that teach the basic principles of physical science. Kids will learn all about renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind power, and much more.
7. Crime Scene Lab Kits: Kids will have a blast exploring the field of forensic science. They will perform fun experiments such as dusting for fingerprints, fiber analysis, fingerprint analysis, chromatography and ink analysis, and more.
8. Science Lab Books; Every kids lab needs science lab books. Kids will learn to measure gravity, float water, make and set off volcanoes, and much more.
9. Nothing benefits a child like learning all about the exciting field of science. When you provide your children with kids’ science lab equipment, they will experience real science with hands-on experiments. Your little scientists will spend many hours having fun while learning.

Click here to go to our educational lab equipment section.

Basic terms for Mechanical Engineering

Basic terms for Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Technological advancement is an engineering self-discipline that contains use of ideas of technology for research, style, production, and servicing of mechanical techniques. Technological engineering is one of largest of engineering professions. It deals with the style, development and function of equipment and mechanical program.

Basic terms for Mechanical Engineering involve Mechanical Technological innovation that needs a strong understanding of primary ideas such as techniques, kinematics, thermodynamics, liquid techniques, and power. Technological technicians use the primary ideas as well as other knowledge in the area to style and evaluate automobiles, airplane, air conditioner techniques, boat, production vegetation, commercial equipment and equipment, robotics, medical devices and more.

Mechanical book provides all subjects, content, explanations, platforms, test and video clips regarding Technological Technological innovation. People can also write different content related to mechanical engineering in this website. With the help of finance calculator different models are also calculated in this website.

The area of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical professions like techniques and kinematics. Mechanics is, in the most common sense, the research of causes and their effect upon matter. Generally, engineering techniques is used to evaluate and estimate the speeding and deformation (both flexible and plastic) of things under known causes (also called loads) or pressures.

It contains Statics, Characteristics, Mechanics of materials, Fluid techniques and Procession techniques. Kinematics is the research of the movement of systems (objects) and techniques (groups of objects), while neglecting the causes that cause the movement.

Mechanical technicians typically use kinematics in the style and research of systems. Kinematics can be used to find the possible mobility for a given procedure, or, working in reverse, can be used to style a procedure that has a preferred mobility.

Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary division of mechanical engineering, electric engineering and software engineering that is concerned with developing electric and mechanical engineering to make multiple techniques.
Robotics is use of mechatronics to make spiders, which are often used in industry to perform projects that are risky, distressing, or recurring. These spiders may be of any style, but all are pre-programmed and communicate actually with the world.

Structural research is the division of mechanical engineering (and also municipal engineering) dedicated to analyzing why and how things don’t succeed. Architectural problems happen in two common modes: fixed failing, and exhaustion failing.

Thermodynamics is the research of power, its use and modification through a program. Thermodynamics ideas are used by mechanical technicians in the areas of warm transfer, thermofluids, and power transformation. Technological technicians use thermo-science to style google and power vegetation, warming, air flow, and air-conditioning (HVAC) techniques, warm exchangers, warm basins, heaters, fridge, insulating material, and others.

Drafting or technical illustrating is the means by which mechanical technicians make guidelines for production parts. Instructions for production a part must be fed to the necessary equipment, either personally, through designed guidelines, or through the use of a computer-aided production (CAM) or mixed CAD/CAM program.
Some technological innovation at the innovative of mechanical engineering are Small Electronic Technological Systems (MEMS), Compounds, Mechatronics, Nanotechnology and Limited element Analysis.

Test Rig Vapour Compression and Refrigeration Cycle Study

Refrigeration Test Rig Instruction Manual

OBJECTIVE:-

To study Refrigeration test rig and to study the vapour compression refrigeration cycle

AIM:-

To calculate co-efficient of performance and draw P-H diagram.

INTRODUCTION:-

Room air conditioner is based on vapour compression cycle: Out of all refrigeration system, the vapour compression system is the most important system from the view point of commercial and domestic utility. It is the most practical form of refrigeration. In this system the working fluid. Is a vapour. It readily evaporates and condenses or changes alternatively between the vapour and liquid phases without leaving the refrigeration plant. During evaporation, it absorbs heat from the cold body. This heat is used as its latent heat to external body, thus creating a cooling effect in the working fluid. this refrigeration system thus act as a latent heat pump since it pumps its latent heat from the cold body or brine and rejects it or delivers it to the external hot body or cooling medium.

VAPOUR COMPRESSOR:

The refrigerant start at some initial state or condition passes through a series of processes in a definite sequence and return to the initial condition. This series of processes is called cycle.

The standard vapor compressor cycle (SVCC) consists of the following processes:

• 1-2 reversible adiabatic compression from the saturation vapor to a super heated condition (electrical) input.
• 2-3 reversible heat rejection at constant pressure (de-superheating and condensation of the refrigeration)
• Irreversible is enthalpy expansion from saturated liquid to a low-pressure vapor.
• Reversible heat addition at constant pressure.

COMPRESSOR

The main function of compressor is to raise the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant by the compression of the refrigerant vapor and then pump it into the condenser.

CONDENSER:-

Condense the vapor refrigerant into the liquid by condenser fan passes it into the receiver tank for re-circulation.

OBERVATION:-

S No P1 P 2 T1 T2 T3 T4 V I
1
2
3

CALCULATIONS:

Mark points 1, 2, 3 using (P1, T1), (P2, T2),(P2,T3) respectively on P-h diagram for (R-134a) and read H1, H2 and H3 (where H3 = H4) to calculate COP.

(C.O.P)TH =
m=

 UTILITIES REQURIED:

1. Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 200 VAC, 50Hz, 5-15Amp socket with earth connection.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the apparatus and make it free from dust.
2. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Now switch ON the main Power supply.
4. Ensure that all valves are open position.
5. Now switch ON the compressor.
6. After the gap of 10 or 15 minutes take the reading of pressure gauge, voltmeter, ampere meter and T1, T2, T3, and T4 by digital temperature indicator.

OBERVATION & CALCULATION:

Data
Cos = 0.8
Pw = 1000kg/m3
Cp = 4.186kj/c

———————————-

NOMENCLATURE:

= Destiny of water, kg/m2
Cos = Power factor
Cp = Specific heat of water, kJ/kg 0C
(C.O.P.)Rel = Relative coefficient of performance.
(C.O.P.)Th = Theoretical co- efficient of performance.
(C.O.P)Act = Actual co- efficient of performance.
CW Th = Theoretical compression work kJ/sec.
CW Act = Actual compression work kJ/sec
H1 = Enthalpy of refrigeration effects at compressor inlet,
kJ/kg.
H2 = Enthalpy of compressor work at compressor inlet, kJ/kg.
H3 = Enthalpy of sub cooling at the outlet of condenser, kJ/kg.
H4 = Enthalpy of refrigerant inlet of evaporator, kJ/kg.
P1 = Pressure at compressor suction, kJ/cm2.
P2 = Pressure at compressor discharge, kJ/cm2
RE Th = Theoretical refrigeration effect kJ/sec.
RE Act = Actual refrigeration effects kJ/sec.
T1 = Compressor inlet temperature, 0C
T2 = Compressor outlet Condenser inlet temperature, 0C
T3 = Condenser outlet temperature, 0C
T4 = Water temperature, 0C
t = Time, sec
I = Ammeter reading, Amps.
V = Voltmeter reading, volts
Vwe = Volume of water in evaporator, ltr.
m = mass of water, kJ/kg.

PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.

TROUBLESHOOTING:

1. If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light, check the main supply.